A tunable laser is a laser whose wavelength of operation can be altered in a controlled manner. While all laser gain media allow small shifts in output wavelength, only a few types of lasers allow continuous tuning over a significant wavelength range.
There are many types and categories of tunable lasers. They exist in the gas, liquid, and solid states. Among the types of tunable lasers are , (such as CO2 and He-Ne lasers), (liquid and solid state), transition-metal solid-state lasers, semiconductor crystal and , and free-electron lasers.[F. J. Duarte (ed.), Tunable Lasers Handbook (Academic, 1995).] Tunable lasers find applications in spectroscopy,[W. Demtröder, Laser Spectroscopy: Basic Principles, 4th Ed. (Springer, Berlin, 2008).] photochemistry, atomic vapor laser isotope separation,[J. R. Murray, in Laser Spectroscopy and its Applications, L. J. Radziemski, R. W. Solarz, and J. A. Paisner (Eds.) (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1987) Chapter 2.][M. A. Akerman, Dye-laser isotope separation, in Dye Laser Principles, F. J. Duarte and L. W. Hillman, Eds. (Academic, New York, 1990) Chapter 9.
] and optical communications.
Types of tunability
Single line tuning
No real laser is truly monochromatic; all lasers can emit light over some range of frequencies, known as the
linewidth of the laser transition. In most lasers, this linewidth is quite narrow (for example, the nm wavelength transition of a has a linewidth of approximately 120 GHz, or 0.45 nm
[Koechner, §2.3.1, p49.]). Tuning of the laser output across this range can be achieved by placing wavelength-selective optical elements (such as an
etalon) into the laser's
optical cavity, to provide selection of a particular longitudinal mode of the cavity.
Multi-line tuning
Most laser gain media have a number of transition wavelengths on which laser operation can be achieved. For example, as well as the principal nm output line, Nd:YAG has weaker transitions at wavelengths of nm, nm, nm, nm, and a number of other lines.
[Koechner, §2.3.1, p53.] Usually, these lines do not operate unless the gain of the strongest transition is suppressed, such as by use of wavelength-selective dielectric mirrors. If a dispersive element, such as a prism, is introduced into the optical cavity, tilting the cavity's mirrors can cause tuning of the laser as it "hops" between different laser lines. Such schemes are common in
argon-
, allowing tuning of the laser to a number of lines from the
ultraviolet and
blue through to
green wavelengths.
Narrowband tuning
For some types of lasers, the laser's cavity length can be modified, and thus they can be continuously tuned over a significant wavelength range. Distributed feedback (DFB) semiconductor lasers and vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) use periodic distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) structures to form the mirrors of the optical cavity. If the
temperature of the laser is changed, then the index change of the DBR structure causes a shift in its peak reflective wavelength and thus the wavelength of the laser. The tuning range of such lasers is typically a few nanometres, up to a maximum of approximately 6 nm, as the laser temperature is changed over ~50
Kelvin. As a rule of thumb, the wavelength is tuned by 0.08 nm/K for DFB lasers operating in the 1,550 nm wavelength regime. Such lasers are commonly used in optical communications applications, such as
DWDM-systems, to allow adjustment of the signal wavelength. To get wideband tuning using this technique, some such as Santur Corporation or Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT Corporation)
contain an array of such lasers on a single chip and concatenate the tuning ranges.
Widely tunable lasers
Sample Grating Distributed Bragg Reflector lasers (SG-DBR) have a much larger tunable range; by the use of vernier-tunable
and a phase section, a single-mode output range of > 50 nm can be selected. Other technologies to achieve wide tuning ranges for
DWDM-systems
[ Tunable Lasers at Lightreading] are:
-
External cavity lasers using a MEMS structure for tuning the cavity length, such as devices commercialized by Iolon.
-
External cavity lasers using multiple-prism grating arrangements for wide-range tunability.
[P. Zorabedian, Tunable external-cavity semiconductor lasers, in Tunable Lasers Handbook, F. J. Duarte, Ed. (Academic, New York, 1995) Chapter 8.]
-
DFB laser arrays based on several thermal tuned DFB lasers, in which coarse tuning is achieved by selecting the correct laser bar. Fine tuning is then done thermally, such as in devices commercialized by Santur Corporation.
-
Tunable VCSELs, in which one of the two mirror stacks is movable. To achieve sufficient output power out of a VCSEL structure, lasers in the nm domain are usually either optically pumped or have an additional optical amplifier built into the device.
Rather than placing the resonator mirrors at the edges of the device, the mirrors in a VCSEL are located on the top and bottom of the semiconductor material. Somewhat confusingly, these mirrors are typically DBR devices. This arrangement causes light to "bounce" vertically in a laser chip, so that the light emerges through the top of the device, rather than through the edge. As a result, VCSELs produce beams of a more circular nature than their cousins and beams that do not diverge as rapidly.
, there is no widely tunable VCSEL commercially available any more for DWDM-system application.
It is claimed that the first infrared laser with a tunability of more than one octave was a germanium crystal laser.[ See photograph 3 at http://spie.org/x39922.xml]
Applications
The range of applications of tunable lasers is extremely wide. When coupled to the right filter, a tunable source can be tuned over a few hundreds of nanometers
[ PhotonEtc: Tunable Laser Source from 400nm to 2300nm.][.][ Fianium : Powerful WhiteLase Supercontinuum Sources.] with a spectral resolution that can go from 4 nm to 0.3 nm, depending on the
wavelength range. With a good enough isolation (>OD4), tunable sources can be used for basic absorption and photoluminescence studies. They can be used for solar cells characterisation in a light-beam-induced current (LBIC) experiment, from which the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of a device can be mapped.
They can also be used for the characterisation of gold
and single-walled
carbon nanotube thermopile,
where a wide tunable range from 400 nm to nm is essential. Tunable sources were recently used for the development of hyperspectral imaging for early detection of retinal diseases where a wide range of wavelengths, a small bandwidth, and outstanding isolation is needed to achieve efficient illumination of the entire
retina.
[ Tunable Lasers For Retinal Imaging.] Tunable sources can be a powerful tool for
reflectivity and transmission spectroscopy,
photobiology, detector calibration, hyperspectral imaging, and
steady-state pump probe experiments, to name only a few.
History
The first true broadly tunable laser was the
dye laser in 1966.
[F. P. Schäfer (ed.), Dye Lasers (Springer, 1990)][F. J. Duarte and L. W. Hillman (eds.), Dye Laser Principles (Academic, 1990)] Hänsch introduced the first narrow-linewidth tunable laser in 1972.
Dye lasers and some vibronic solid-state lasers have extremely large bandwidths, allowing tuning over a range of tens to hundreds of nanometres.
[Koechner, §2.5, pp66–78.] Titanium-doped sapphire is the most common tunable solid-state laser, capable of laser operation from 670 nm to nm wavelengths.
Typically these laser systems incorporate a
Lyot filter into the laser cavity, which is rotated to tune the laser. Other tuning techniques involve diffraction gratings, prisms, etalons, and combinations of these.
[F. J. Duarte and L. W. Hillman (eds.), Dye Laser Principles (Academic, 1990) Chapter 4] Multiple-prism grating arrangements, in several configurations, as described by Duarte, are used in diode, dye, gas, and other tunable lasers.
[ F. J. Duarte, Tunable Laser Optics, 2nd Ed. (CRC, New York, 2015) Chapter 7.]
See also
Further reading
